Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Pain Point: After the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data expansion while maintaining decentralization. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, with ordinary users able to run validators and keep the network decentralized.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Pain Point: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, like updating a config file online, without full client upgrades.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows elastic, demand-driven expansion of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Pain Point: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This price volatility made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 stabilizes blob fees by setting reasonable bounds linked to Layer 2 execution costs. The upper and lower limits of blob fees are anchored to the Layer 2 execution fee (for state updates or ZK proof verification), which remains relatively stable regardless of transaction volume. Tying blob fees to this “anchor” prevents wild fluctuations.

Significance: This prevents fee “race to the bottom” or “skyrocketing,” making Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set reasonable transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences for users.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Pain Point: The transaction capacity per block is limited by the “gas limit” (~30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. To increase throughput, raising this limit is necessary but must not compromise validator hardware requirements or decentralization.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new recommended level (e.g., 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but guides validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS, easing congestion and reducing gas fees. However, it also demands better hardware from validators, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While expanding capacity, ensuring network security and stability is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025, aiming to create a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, like installing stronger “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Pain Point: Ethereum’s “gas limit” controls total computational work but not the physical size of a block. Attackers can craft “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., sending 0 ETH to many addresses) that produce huge data but low computation, creating “data bombs” that slow network propagation and risk DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum truck sizes on a highway, this prevents oversized data blocks from slowing down the network, ensuring faster propagation and better resilience.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Pain Point: While the block has a gas limit, individual transactions currently do not. A malicious user could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block gas, crowding out others.

Solution: Limit each transaction to a maximum of 16.77 million gas. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split into multiple parts.

Significance: This promotes fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Pain Point: The ModExp precompile handles big number exponentiation, used in cryptography. Risks include unbounded input sizes and low gas costs, which could be exploited to overload nodes.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits, enough for practical use.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for larger inputs, making abuse costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring ModExp remains secure and efficient.

Developer Tools! Enhancing Ethereum’s Capabilities

Fusaka also introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful and efficient.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Pain Point: Devices like iPhones, bank security tokens, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits direct hardware-based signing.

Solution: Add a precompile to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and enhancing security—bridging Web2 and Web3.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Pain Point: Calculating the number of leading zeros in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK proofs but lacks a direct EVM opcode, leading to costly Solidity implementations.

Solution: Introduce a new “CLZ” opcode to count leading zeros efficiently.

Significance: Provides developers with a powerful tool, reducing gas costs for math-heavy applications like ZK rollups.

Network Optimization! Invisible Improvements for a Healthier Ecosystem

Two EIPs focus on long-term network health and coordination, though users may not notice immediate effects.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Pain Point: As history accumulates, new nodes face long, costly sync processes. Also, after The Merge, some redundant data remains.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline transaction receipts, allowing new nodes to skip old, unnecessary data, reducing sync size by about 530GB.

Significance: Lowers the barrier to running full nodes, strengthening decentralization and resilience.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-commitment

Pain Point: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. The “Based Rollup” idea proposes using Ethereum’s proposer to order L2 transactions, inheriting L1’s decentralization. But this introduces delays, as Layer 2 must wait for L1 inclusion.

Solution: Modify consensus so future proposers’ order can be predicted and published in advance, creating a fixed schedule.

Significance: Enables “pre-confirmation” of Layer 2 blocks, allowing off-chain entities to negotiate with proposers securely, bringing near-instant transaction finality while maintaining decentralization. This is key for next-generation rollups and scaling solutions.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade at the Right Time?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move amid the era of on-chain real-world assets (RWA) and stablecoins. Ethereum now hosts over 56% of the global stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and trading volumes.

• Custom chains for institutional Layer 2s with unlimited scalability

As traditional finance enters crypto, we’ll see more Layer 2 “private chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC). These require Ethereum’s data availability for massive, cheap, secure storage.

Proposals like EIP-7594, EIP-7892, and EIP-7918 are designed to drastically reduce data publishing costs and enable elastic capacity expansion.

• Building a trillion-dollar secure financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions, security is paramount. Fusaka’s EIPs (EIP-7934, EIP-7825, EIP-7823, EIP-7883) reinforce Ethereum’s defenses, moving toward the “trillion-dollar security” goal.

In summary, Fusaka’s main theme is clear: scalability and security. With favorable regulation and market momentum, this upgrade is timely. It will help Ethereum solidify its dominance in stablecoins and on-chain assets, transforming from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep and Steady Change

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target the core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on public information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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