# SoftwareEngineering

Moving Past the TPS Myth: How L2s, L3s, and ZK-Rollups Solved the Crypto Usability Crisis
​For years, the crypto space was trapped in a theoretical loop: "How many transactions per second (TPS) can your Layer-1 handle?"
​Today, that narrative is completely dead. The focus has entirely shifted to actual, functional economic utility, and Layer-2/Layer-3 scaling networks are running the show.
​Thanks to the rapid maturation of Zero-Knowledge (ZK) rollups and hyper-specific L3 application chains, gas fees have effectively plummeted to fractions of a cent.
​Why does this matter? Because it complete